October 2010: Final SAFE PhD candidate successfully defends thesisDIIS-SUA Research and Capacity Building Programme CompletedOn October 9th Raymond Mnenwa successfully defended his PhD in Agricultural Economics at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania. His thesis was entitled ‘Costs and benefits of compliance with GLOBALGAP standards: the case of vegetable exports from Tanzania’. Dr. Mnenwa’s DIIS supervisor was Stefano Ponte. Dr. Mnenwa was the fourth PhD candidate to successfully graduate from the research and capacity building programme on ‘Standards and Agro-food Exports from Africa’ (SAFE), jointly organized between DIIS and the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, SUA. Three of the PhDs were based at SUA, and all will become SUA members of staff. The fourth was Lone Riisgaard of DIIS, who has been subsequently awarded a FFU post-doc. Dr Mnenwa’s graduation brings to an end this highly successful programme, whose results are summed up in a book published earlier this year by Palgrave: Gibbon, P., Ponte, S. & Lazaro, E. (eds.) Global Agro-Food Trade and Standards: Challenges for Africa. |
June 2010: Standards affect agro-food exports from AfricaMain findings of book and final conference of SAFE research and capacity building programAs classic trade barriers such as tariffs are being dismantled, standards on food safety, the environment and socio-economic conditions of production can keep African agro-food products out of Northern markets. At the same time, standards can also provide opportunities for pro-poor growth and upgrading, under specific conditions. These are some of the main findings of the final conference of the research and capacity building programme ‘Standards and Agro-food Exports: Challenges for Africa’ (SAFE) and related book, just published by Palgrave, edited by Peter Gibbon, Stefano Ponte and Evelyne Lazaro. On May 31st-1 June 2010, twelve researchers from the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania) and five from DIIS, DTU and Copenhagen University met in Zanzibar to hold the final conference of the FFU-financed research and capacity building programme on ‘Standards and Agro-food Exports: Challenges for Africa’ (SAFE). The conference was attended by a wide range of Tanzanian stakeholders including senior officials of the Tanzanian Ministry of Industry and Trade, representatives of several private sector organizations, representatives of public agencies dealing with standards and private businesspeople. It was opened by the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. Most of the presentations at the conference reported findings from the programme published by Palgrave in a book with the same title as the conference, which was launched in Tanzania on the conference’s first day. In addition, two overview papers were presented, one jointly by the Tanzanian coordinator of the programme, Dr Evelyne Lazaro and Stefano Ponte of DIIS. The second, on lessons for donors of the findings of the programme, was presented by its coordinator in Denmark, Peter Gibbon. At a Stakeholder Steering Committee meeting following the end of the conference, several stakeholders expressed warm thanks for the work of the programme, and in particular its Tanzanian participants, in successfully disseminating knowledge about international agro-food standards and issues concerning conformity with them, across a wide swathe of agricultural export sectors in the country. They further congratulated the programme team on training three Tanzanian agricultural economists to PhD level in the area of standards and standards conformity, thus contributing significantly to the development of local capacity in the area. |
Presentations at the conference: |
June 2009: New publications1) Stefano Ponte, 'Governing through Quality: Conventions and Supply Relations in the Value Chain for South African Wine', Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 236-257. Abstract -- Global value chain (GVC) analysis examines the dynamics of economic globalisation and international trade. The concept of GVC governance illustrates how ‘lead firms’ achieve certain functional divisions of labour along a value chain – resulting in specific allocations of resources and distributions of gains. In this article, I argue that agro-food lead firms do not govern chains solely on the basis of buyer power, market share, and/or economies of scale or scope but also through normative work. In order to do so, I apply convention theory to the analysis of governance in the value chain for South African wine. I analyse how wine quality conventions applied in the UK are translated in South Africa into specific functional divisions of labour and supply relations, themselves underpinned by local configurations of quality conventions. The case study of wine suggests that lead firms are able to drive a value chain only when industrial and market conventions are dominant, such as in basic quality wine. These conventions are more portable and thus easier to transmit at a distance. Where other, less portable, conventions are more important in discovering quality, as in mid-range and top quality wines, the value chain is much more fragmented and less driven. 2) Stefano Ponte and Joachim Ewert, 'Which Way is "Up" in Upgrading? Trajectories of Change in the Value Chain for South African Wine', World Development, Vol. 37, No. 9, DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.008 Abstract -- Global Value Chain (GVC) analysis uses the concept of upgrading to highlight paths for developing country firms to ‘move up the value chain’, usually through the lenses of four categories—product, process, functional, and inter-sectoral upgrading. The implicit normative expectation is that these firms move toward producing higher value-added products and/or take on more sophisticated functions along a value chain. In this article, upgrading is approached more broadly as ‘reaching a better deal’, including a balance between rewards and risk. The case study of South African wine shows that better product quality, improved processes, and some functional upgrading have co-existed with processes of ‘downgrading’, higher risks, and limited rewards, especially in traditional export markets. A reflection on further conceptual development and directions for empirical research is also provided. 3) Morten Broberg, European Food Safety Regulation and the Developing Countries Regulatory problems and possibilities, DIIS Working Paper 2009/9. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. Abstract -- Many developing countries are highly dependent upon exports of agricultural products, and for many of these countries the European Community is the primary export market. Increasingly, however, the developing country exporters are met with stringent food safety law requirements that constitute a virtual barrier to entering the European Community market. Indeed, food safety requirements have been ranked as one of the foremost factors affecting exports of agricultural and food products from developing countries. This working paper identifies those food safety law requirements that cause the most problems for developing countries exporters of food products and it points to possible ways of overcoming them. |
May 2009: Dissemination Workshop on the Effects of Food Safety Standards on the Livelihoods of Actors in the Nile Perch Value Chain Mwanza, Tanzania, 25 May 2009.The objectives of the workshop were:
The workshop was conducted in Swahili. The main presentation of the workshop was based on the study on effects of food safety standards on livelihoods of actors in the Nile perch value chain. The presentation was preceded by remarks made by the Fish-subproject team leader and opening speech delivered by the Nyamagana District Commissioner on behalf of the Minister for Livestock Development and Fisheries. The presentation was followed by general discussions on the presentation, policy implications and the role of local government and policy makers in supporting efforts to maintain compliance with food safety standards to avoid loss of export market for Nile perch as well as supporting measures to ensure sustainable fishing in Lake Victoria. |
New SAFE coordinator on the Danish side of the programmeOn 1 June 2009, Peter Gibbon will be the new coordinator of the SAFE programme until its completion in February 2010. He was the SAFE coordinator from the inception of the programme until January 2007, when Stefano Ponte took over. The change is related to a new division of labour within the 'Trade and Development' Research Unit at DIIS, which Stefano will start heading at the same time as he steps down from the SAFE coordination role. Evelyne Lazaro remains the coordinator of the SAFE programme in Tanzania. |
May 2009: Two new SAFE publications1) Simon Bolwig, Peter Gibbon and Sam Jones, 'The Economics of Smallholder Organic Contract Farming in Tropical Africa’, World Development 37(6): 1094-1104. The paper reports an econometric analysis of survey data collected in 2006 in a coffee contract farming scheme in Uganda. It shows that participation in the scheme results in a significant increase in farmer revenue, compared to a control group and controlling for a variety of other variables. 2) Peter Gibbon, Yumiao Lin and Sam Jones, Revenue effects of participation in smallholder organic cocoa production in tropical Africa, DIIS Working Paper 2009:06. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. This DIIS working paper within the ‘Standards and Agro-food exports from Africa’ (SAFE) research programme examines the revenue effects of certified organic contract farming and the use of organic farming methods in a cocoa scheme in western Uganda in 2005. Compared to a control group of conventional farmers positive revenue effects from scheme participation and, more modestly, from use of organic farming methods are found. The study is based on a household survey and uses econometric methods. |
March 2009: Brief update on the status of the SAFE programmeAll SAFE sub-projects in Tanzania have completed fieldwork and data collection and analysis. Publication of working papers and peer-reviewed articles on standards in agro-food exports is progressing satisfactorily. Particular focus was placed in 2008 on publication, outreach and dissemination activities, both in Tanzania, Denmark and internationally, including the publication of new SAFE Policy Briefs and active engagement with policy makers and relevant stakeholders. The team has also started writing the chapters for a SAFE edited book manuscript that has contracted by Palgrave (see book outline description). The three PhDs in Tanzania and one in Denmark that are part of the programme are all in the writing-up phase and are slated to graduate in 2009. Two Tanzanian PhDs spent 3 months in Denmark in 2008 to carry out data analysis and start writing their theses. The third one is going to do the same in early 2009. Four senior faculty members from SUA spent 4 weeks at DIIS in 2008 and were able to further their data analysis and publication activities, and to further build their international network. Major activities planned for 2009 and early 2010 are an international workshop on standards in Copenhagen and the closing SAFE conference in Tanzania. |
December 2008: Seminar on 'Economic Impact of Organic Contract Farming in Uganda - Research Results and Policy Implications' (9 December 2008, Muyenga Club, Kampala)Organic activists, NGOs and some donors have promoted certified organic export production in a number of African countries, and especially in Uganda. There has also been an increased interest in all types of contract farming arrangements for African smallholders, and many organic export operations in Africa are based on such arrangements. On this background, the extent to which certified organic contract farming have positive revenue and productivity effects for smallholders is a question pertinent to the evaluation of both organic agriculture and contract farming as possible routes out of Africa’s problem of agricultural stagnation and decline. In light of the global food crisis, an equally important question is how enrollment into an organic export contract farming schemes affects household food security. The seminar addressed these questions based on DIIS research on three organic contract farming operations in Uganda, exporting Arabica coffee, cocoa, vanilla and pineapple, and discussed the policy implications. The DIIS research results were presented by Peter Gibbon and Simon Bolwig. Two discussants commented on the background papers: Tom Mugisa, Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) Secretariat, and Todd Benson, International Food Policy Research Institute. The 25 participants, representing government agencies, organic exporters and NGOs contributed to a very lively and qualified discussion during the last hour of the seminar. The seminar was organised by AgroEco Eastern Africa, National Organic Agriculture Movement of Uganda, and Danish Institute for International Studies. The seminar will be followed up by the publication of a general audience article on the issues discussed at the seminar. This work will be lead by AgroEco Eastern Africa. Programme (pdf file, 266 Kb) Economics of organics presentation (pdf file, 266 Kb) Food security and organics presentation (pdf file, 266 Kb) Benson comments (pdf file, 437 Kb) Mugisa comments (pdf file, 56 Kb) SAFE Policy Brief No. 6 (revenue) (pdf file, 34 Kb) SAFE Policy Brief No. 7 (food security) (pdf file, 18 Kb) |
December 2008: New SAFE Working PaperDoes organic agriculture pay for Tanzanian farmers?Certified organic farming has emerged as a market channel providing participating African small-holders with access to high value markets in the EU. The benefits may include not only a guaranteed produce market, but also premium prices, and higher net revenues. Where training in organic farming techniques is provided there may be also benefits in terms of increased yield. The major cost challenges are those for certification, although in many cases donor support to exporters is available to cover these. This study quantifies the costs and benefits of complying with the certified organic standard for members of black pepper and chilli contract farming schemes in two districts in Tanzania. It is based on survey data from 2006-07 from samples of scheme members and control groups. In both cases none of the potential benefit listed above were realized. These results contrast with much more positive findings on the experience of schemes in Uganda, reported by other members of the DIIS-SUA SAFE Programme.* The results reported here are shown to be a consequence of absent price premiums and, in the case of at least one of the schemes studied, wider contract failure. Adoption of re-commended organic practices by members of the schemes was also low across schemes. Learning from more successful schemes, working through larger and better organized exporters and design of more effective contracts are some of the changes recommended for future schemes in Tanzania.
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December 2008: Two New SAFE Policy Briefs on OrganicsTwo new SAFE Policy Brief on organics are now available. SAFE Policy Brief No. 6 by Peter Gibbon and Simon Bolwig reflects upon two studies on coffee and cocoa/vanilla organic farmers in Uganda and draws some lessons for donor policy in Africa. SAFE Policy Brief No. 7 by Simon Bolwog and Moses Odeke assesses the impact of these two organic schemes on food security. November 2008: Sad newsIt is with extreme sadness that the SAFE project coordinators announce the sudden death of Prof. Gasper Ashimogo of the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-business at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Prof. Ashimogo had been the leader of the organics project in Tanzania under the SAFE programme. Our sincere condolences go to the family and colleagues. |
September 2008: New SAFE Working PaperLone Riisgaard (2008) 'Localizing Private Social Standards: Standard Initiatives in Kenyan Cut Flowers', DIIS Working Paper 2008/20, Danish Institute for International Studies: Copenhagen. |
September 2008: New SAFE publicationPeter Gibbon (2008) ‘An analysis of the regulation of organic agriculture in the European Union, 1991-2007’, Journal of Agrarian Change Vol. 8 (4), pp. 553-582 AbstractAgainst the background of a discussion of recent analyses of capitalist subsumption of agriculture and of neo-liberalism, the paper uses a 'liberal governmentality' framework to trace the development of the EU Regulation on organic agriculture from its adoption in 1991 to its recent repeal and replacement in 2007. The central argument is that regulatory development took the form of a cycle of elaboration, tightening, increasing deviation and finally a 'return to principles' in order to reduce deviation. At different stages in this cycle, different groups of 'stakeholders', including experts, were influential. Likewise, different forms of expertise became dominant or were sidelined. Meanwhile, 'capital' in its different incarnations remained marginal throughout. The paper leaves open the questions of the generalizability of this analysis to regulatory arenas other than the EU, as well as to regulatory objects more central than organic agriculture to capitalist accumulation. |
September 2008: Tanzanian members of SAFE program visit CopenhagenDrs. Evelyne Lazaro, Ntengua Mdoe, Emmanuel Mbiha and Fredy Kilima from the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania, will be based at DIIS for the month of September to work with the Danish-based members of the SAFE programme on various publications, outreach and training manuals. PhD candidates Zena Mpenda and Adam Akyoo will be staying until the end of November in order to finalize a first draft of their thesis. September 2008: Palgrave offers contract for SAFE book to be edited by Peter Gibbon, Evelyne Lazaro and Stefano PonteThe preliminary title of the book is: 'Global Agro-food Trade and Standards: Challenges for Africa' and is expected to be in print in time for the final conference of the research programme scheduled for January 2010 in Bagamoyo, Tanzania |
July 2008: Two New SAFE Working PapersSimon Bolwig, Stefano Ponte, Andries du Toit, Lone Riisgaard and Niels Halberg (2008) ‘Integrating Poverty, Gender and Environmental Concerns into Value Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework and Lessons for Action Research’, DIIS Working Paper 2008/16, Danish Institute for International Studies: Copenhagen.Lone Riisgaard, Simon Bolwig, Frank Matose, Stefano Ponte, Andries du Toit and Niels Halberg (2008) ‘A Strategic Framework and Toolbox for Action Research with Small Producers in Value Chains’, DIIS Working Paper 2008/17, Danish Institute for International Studies: Copenhagen. |
June 2008: Coordination visit to Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, TanzaniaStefano Ponte visited SUA from 16 to 19 June, 2008 to coordinate activities of the SAFE programme with Dr. Evelyne Lazaro, the SUA coordinator, and other members of the SAFE team. |
May 2008: New outreach activities SAFE project: Sustainability standards and coffee production for TanzaniaActivity:Training for small scale coffee producers and workers in coffee plantationsThe training was conducted by SUA/DIIS, SAFE project in collaboration with Machare Coffee Plantation. Machare Coffee Plantation was initially Utz certified and is now Rainforest Alliance certified. Main objective of training: To create awareness among smallholder coffee farmers on sustainability standards in coffee.More details on these outreach activities |
Apr 2008: Two new SAFE Working PapersLone Riisgaard and Nikolaus Hammer (2008) 'Organised Labour and the Social Regulation of Global Value Chains', DIIS Working Paper 2008:8. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.For a brief description of the paper, see here Adam Akyoo and Evelyne Lazaro (2008) 'Institutional Capacity for Standards Conformity Assessment: A Case Study on Spices in Tanzania', DIIS Working Paper 2008:10. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. For a brief description of the paper, see here Apr 2008: Presentations at the AAG conference, Boston 15-19 AprilSAFE programme members Stefano Ponte and Marianne Nylandsted Larsen presented two SAFE-related papers at the American Association of Geographers (AAG) conference, Boston. Stefano Ponte, Senior Researcher - Danish Institute for International Studies "Disjunctures and fragmentations in global value chains - Reflections on 'legitimacy' and 'quality' in (South African) wine", part of the Paper Session: Losing our Chains: Rethinking the commodity through disarticulations I, Saturday, 4/19/08 at 8:00 AM. Marianne Nylandsted Larsen - Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, "The role of quality standards in governing the value chain for tea", part of the Paper Session: Governing Global Value Chains and Networks, Wednesday, 4/16/08 at 13:00 PM. |
Mar 2008: New SAFE Working paper availableEvelyne A. Lazaro, Jeremiah Makindara, Fredy T.M Kilima (2008) 'Sustainability standards and coffee exports from Tanzania' DIIS Working Paper 2008:1. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. See a brief description of the paper here |
Jan 2008: New publicationSAFE programme coordinator Stefano Ponte examines the role of eco-labels in fish trade in a new article published in World DevelopmentPonte, S. (2008) “Greener than thou: The Political Economy of Fish Ecolabeling and its Local Manifestations in South Africa,” World Development, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 159-175. Abstract Developing country governments and industries have been reluctant to support ecolabels, fearing their potentially protectionist effects. This reluctance has been countered by international organizations (such as FAO) and ecolabel initiatives with assurances of transparency, non-discrimination and technical assistance. The analysis of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) label shows that developing country fisheries, and small-scale ones in particular, have been marginalized. Furthermore, the MSC certification of the hake industry in South Africa illustrates that ecolabeling is sought in the context of competitive pressures and specific political economies, not simply on the basis of value-free science and systemic management. The article concludes that developing country producers need dedicated systems of standards and verification procedures, not only special flexibilities. |
Jan 2008: Four new SAFE Policy Briefs are now availableSAFE Policy Brief No. 2: Effects of Food Safety Standards on the Livelihoods of Actors in the Nile Perch Value Chain, by Reuben Kadigi et al, January 2008.SAFE Policy Brief No. 3: Sustainable Coffee Exports from Tanzania, by Evelyne Lazaro and Jeremiah Makindara, January 2008.SAFE Policy Brief No. 4: Global Value Chains, Labour Organisation and Private Social Standards: Lessons from East African Cut Flower Industries, by Lone Riisgaard, January 2008. SAFE Policy Brief No. 5: Prospects for Organic Agriculture in Tanzania, by Emmanuel Mbiha, Gasper Ashimogo, Nyankomo Marwa and Adam Akyoo, January 2008. |
SAFE research and policy workshops carried out in Bagamoyo, Tanzania on 8-11 January 2008The second Technical Workshopon 'Standards and Agro-Food Exports: Identifying challenges and outcomes for developing countries' took place in Bagamoyo, Tanzania on 8-10 January 2008, followed by the firstPolicy and Stakeholder Workshopon 11 January.In the technical workshop, 11 papers and presentations were delivered, from all projects that form the SAFE programme. The policy and stakeholder workshop was attended by over 40 stakeholders, with discussions taking place around the presentation of 4 SAFE Policy Briefs. The full programme of the workshops can be accessed here. Papers will be posted in the SAFE Working Paper series as they become available in final form. Workshop presentations are now available and can be downloaded for free below: Technical Workshop1. Compliance with Food Safety Standards in the Nile Perch Export Value Chain: An incentive or Barrier to Entry? (R. Kadigi et al) 2. Of ‘bad’ and’ good’ Lake Victoria fish: Food safety and sustainability through regulation, environmental standards and popular media (S. Ponte) 3. Industry Re-organization as Effect of Compliance to Food safety standards: Nile Perch in Tanzania (Z. Mpenda) 4. EUREP GAP Standards & Fresh Vegetable Exports from Tanzania (R. Mnenwa et al) 5. The Economic Impact of a Ban on Imports of Air freighted Organic Products to the UK (S. Bolwig) 6. An Analysis of Standards-based Regulation in the EU Organic Sector, 1991-2007 (P. Gibbon) 7. Social standards in the flower Industries in East Africa (L. Riisgaard) 8. Matching Trends for sustainability Standards: Case of Coffee Exports from Tanzania (E. Lazaro et al) 9. Comparative Productivity and Profitability of Organic and Conventional Farming of Exports Crops in Tanzania (G. Ashimogo et al) 10. Conformity to Quality Standards in International Tea Markets: The Case of south Indian Tea (M.N. Larsen) 11. Institutional Capacity for Standards Conformity Assessment on Species and Challenges for Tanzania (A. Akyoo and E. Lazaro) Policy and Stakeholder WorkshopPolicy Briefs presented at the Policy and Stakeholder Workshop are available here Presentations can be downloaded for free below: 1. Effects of Food Safety Standards on the Livelihoods of Actors in the Nile Perch Value Chain (N. Mdoe et al) 2. Prospects of Organic Agriculture in Tanzania (E. Mbiha et al) 3. Sustainable Coffee Exports from Tanzania (J. Makindara and E. Lazaro) 4. The Economic Impact of a Ban on Imports of Air freighted Organic Products to the UK (P. Gibbon & S. Bolwig) |
Dec 2007: New SAFE Working paper availableKadigi, R.M.J., N. Mdoe, E. Senkondo, and Z. Mpenda (2007) ‘Effects of food safety standards on the livelihoods of actors in the Nile perch value chain in Tanzania’, DIIS Working Paper 2007:24. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. Available here |
Nov 2007: SAFE Policy Brief series launchedThe SAFE programme has launched a new series of policy briefs on food safety, sustainability and organic standards in agro-food trade. The first brief on the Effects of a Ban on Organic Produce Imported by Air can now be downloaded for free. |
Nov 2007: New SAFE papers availablePonte, S. (2007) ‘Governance in the value chain for South African wine’, TRALAC Working Paper 2007/9, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa: Stellenbosch, South Africa. Available here Ponte, S. (2007) ‘South African Wine – An Industry in Ferment,’ TRALAC Working Paper 2007/8, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa: Stellenbosch, South Africa. Available here Gibbon, P. and S. Bolwig (2007) ‘The economic impact of a ban on imports of air freighted organic products to the UK’, DIIS Working Paper 2007:23. Danish Institute for International Studies: Copenhagen. Available here |
Oct. 2007: DIIS report on air-freight organics receives attention in European media
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Sept 2007: New SAFE Working Paper:Riisgaard, L. (2007) ‘What's in it for Labour? Private social standards in the cut flower industries of Kenya and Tanzania’, DIIS Working Paper 2007: 16. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. |
Aug 2007: SAFE research and policy workshop planned for January 2008 in Bagamoyo, TanzaniaA SAFE research and policy workshop will take place on 9-11 January 2008 in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Two days will be dedicated to presentations and discussion of academic work produced under the programme, both by SUA and DIIS researchers. The third day will be dedicated to presentations of policy briefs and discussion of policy issues related to standards in agro-food exports with representatives of government, officers involved in the BSPS II programme in Tanzania, industry associations, the private sector, and civil society groups. |
Aug 2007: Visiting Researchers from TanzaniaThree senior staff from the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-business, Sokoine University of Agriculture, will be staying with the Research Group on Trade and Development at DIIS from 26/8 to 6/10. SUA is the Tanzanian partner institution in the research and capacity building programme ‘Standards and Agro-Food Exports: Identifying Challenges and Outcomes for Developing Countries’ (SAFE). The programme is funded by FFU and carried out jointly by DIIS, the University of Copenhagen and SUA. Dr. Evelyne Lazaro, Dr. Gasper Ashimogo and Dr. Reuben Kadigi will be collaborating with the Denmark-based members of SAFE and analyze/publish some of the research they have been conducting in Tanzania on organic, food safety, and sustainability standards in selected agro-food value chains. This is the third extended visit by SUA members of the SAFE programme to DIIS. In 2006, Dr. Senkondo, Dr. Kilima, Dr. Ashimogo and PhD student K. Mnenwa spent between one and three months at DIIS. The same was done in 2005 by Dr. Lazaro, Dr. Mdoe and PhD Students Z. Mpenda and A. Akyoo. |
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